LIST OF TOP COMPANIES WITH FOUNDERS

Asalam Walaikum 


Given below are the name of a few companies with there founders . 


1."Tata Group" was Founded by Jamsedji Tata in 1868.
2."Reliance Industries" was Founded by Dhirubhai Ambani in 1977.
3."Microsoft" was Founded by Bill Gates, Paul Allen in 1975.
4."General Electric" was Founded by Thomas Edison, Elihu Thomson and Edwin J. Houston in 1878.
5."American" International Group was Founded by Cornelius Vander Starr in 1919.
6."HSBC" was Founded by Thomas Sutherland in 1865.
7."ExxonMobil" was Founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870.
8."Royal Dutch/Shell Group" was Founded by Marcus Samuel in 1907.
9."JPMorgan" Chase was Founded by Henry S. Morgan, Harold Stanley, Bear Chuhta in 1799.
10."UBS AG" was Founded by Richard M. Scrushy, Rainer-Marc Frey in 1854.
11."Toyota Motor" was Founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937.
12."AT&T" was Founded by Alexander Graham Bell in 1983.
13."Wal-Mart Stores" was Founded by Sam Walton in 1962.
14."Sony" was Founded by Akio Morita, Masaru Ibuka in 1946.
15."Google" was Founded by Sergey M. Brin, Lawrence E. Page in 1998.
16."Yahoo" was Founded by Jerry Yang, David Filo in 1995.
17."ArcelorMittal" was Founded by Lakshmi Mittal in 2006.
18."Ford Motor Company" was Founded by Henry Ford in 1903.
19."Amazon" was Founded by Jeffrey P. Bezos in 1994.
20."Genentech" was Founded by Robert A. Swanson and Dr. Herbert Boyer in 1976.
21."Wegmans Food Markets" was Founded by John and Walter Wegman in 1916.
22."Valero Energy" was Founded by William R. Klesse (CEO) in 1980.
23."W.L. Gore & Associates" was Founded by Wilbert (Bill) Lee Gore and Genevieve (Vieve) Walton Gore in 1958.
24."Container Store" was Founded by Garrett, John Mullen in 1978.
25."J.M. Smucker" was Founded by Jerome Monroe Smucker in 1897.
26."Recreational Equipment" was Founded by Lloyd and Mary Anderson in 1938.
27."Boston Consulting Group" was Founded by Bruce Henderson in 1963.
28."Quicken Loans" was Founded by Dan Gilbert in 1985.
29."Whole Foods Market" was Founded by John Mackey in 1980.
30."Republic Bancorp" was Founded by Steven E. Trager (CEO), Bernard M. Trager in 1982.
31."Alston & Bird" was Founded by Robert P. Jones in 1893.
32."QuikTrip" was Founded by Chester Cadieux and Burt B. Holmes in 1958.
33."American Century Investments" was Founded by James E. Stowers in 1958.
34."Qualcomm" was Founded by Irwin Jacobs, Andrew Viterbi, Harvey White, Adelia Coffman, Andrew Cohen, Klein Gilhousen, and Franklin Antonio in 1985.
35."David Weekley Homes" was Founded by David Weekley in 1976.
36."Cisco Systems" was Founded by Len Bosack, Sandy Lerner, Richard Troiano in 1984.
37."Goldman Sachs" was Founded by Marcus Goldman in 1869.
38."Network Appliance" was Founded by David Hitz, James Lau in 1992.
39."Starbucks" was Founded by Zev Siegl, Jerry Baldwin and Gordon Bowker in 1971.
40."SAS Institute" was Founded by Anthony Barr, James Goodnight, John Sall and Jane Helwig in 1976.
41."Nugget Markets" was Founded by William and Mack Stille in 1926.
42."CDW" was Founded by Michael Krasny in 1984.
43."American Fidelity Assurance" was Founded by Cameron family in 1960.
44."American Express" was Founded by Henry Wells, William Fargo and John Warren Butterfield in 1850.
45."Milliken & Company" was Founded by Seth Milliken in 1865.
46."Amgen" was Founded by George B. Rathmann in 1980.
47."JM Family Enterprises" was Founded by James M. (Jim) Moran in 1968.
48."The Timberland Company" was Founded by Nathan Swartz in 1952.
49."Intuit" was Founded by Tom Proulx in 1983.
50."SRA International" was Founded by Dr. Ernst Volgenau in 1978.
51."Nordstrom" was Founded by John W. Nordstrom in 1901.
52."AFLAC" was Founded by Bill Amos, John Amos and Paul Amos in 1955.
53."Infosys" was Founded by N R Narayana Murthy, Nandan Nilekani, N. S. Raghavan, Kris Gopalakrishnan, S. D. Shibulal, K. Dinesh and Ashok Arora in 1981.
54."Mahindra Satyam" was Founded by B Ramalinga Raju in 1987.
55."Essar Group" was Founded by Shashi Ruia and Ravi Ruia in 1969.
56."Wipro Technologies" was Founded by M. H. Premji in 1945.
57."Hewlett-Packard" was Founded by Bill Hewlett nad David Packard in 1939.
58."Nokia" was Founded by Fredrik Idestam in 1865.
59."Motorola, Inc." was Founded by Paul Galvin and Joseph Galvin in 1928.
60."LG Group" was Founded by Koo In-Hwoi in 1947.
61."Total S.A." was Founded by Ernest Mercier in 1924.




Regards Nabeel 

Information on Human Body

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS THAT ALMOST MOST OF US DON'T KNOW 

In 24 hours, An average human heart beats 1,03,689 times.

In 24 hours, An average human Lungs respire 23,045 times.

In 24 hours, An average human Blood flows 16,80,000 miles.

An average human Nails grow 0.00007 inches in every 24 hours, .

An average human Hair grows 0.01715 inches in 24 hours, .

In 24 hours, An average human Take 2.9 pounds Water (including all liquids).

In 24 hours, An average human Take 3.25 pounds FOOD.

In 24 hours, An average human Breathe 438 cubic feet AIR.

In 24 hours, An average human Lose 85.60, BODY TEMPERATURE.

In 24 hours, An average human Produce 1.43 pints SWEAT.

In 24 hours, An average human Speak 4,800 WORDS.

In 24 hours, An average human During SLEEP move 25.4 times.

The fastest human beings runs only about 30 kilometres per hour (18 miles per hour).

About 10% of the world’s population is left-handed.

A person afflicted with hexadectylism has six fingers or six toes on one or both hands and feet

A human eye blinks over 10,000,000 times a year!

The vocabulary of the average person consists of 5,000 to 6,000 words.

The average person laughs about 15 times a day

Fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails!

Never hold your nose and cover your mouth when sneezing, as it can blow out your eyeballs.

People who ride on roller coasters have a higher chance of having a blood clot in the brain.

Sneezing stops heart beat for a second and then continues.

Shape of the backbone is important to have sufficient breathing.

Like fingerprints, everyone’s tongue print is different.

C Programming Language History

- Dennis Ritchie

What is or is not implemented in the kernel represents both a great responsibility and a great power. It is a soap-box platform on 'the way things should be done.' Even so, if 'the way' is too radical, no one will follow it. Every important decision was weighed carefully. Throughout, simplicity has been substituted for efficiency. Complex algorithms are used only if their complexity can be localized. - Ken Thompson; UNIX Implementation; The Bell System Technical Journal; July - August 1978.

The development of Unix in the C language made it uniquely portable and improvable.
The first version of Unix was written in the low-level PDP-7 assembler language. Soon after, a language called TMG was created for the PDP-7 by R. M. McClure. Using TMG to develop a FORTRAN compiler, Ken Thompson instead ended up developing a compiler for a new high-level language he called B, based on the earlier BCPL language developed by Martin Richard. Where it might take several pages of detailed PDP-7 assembly code to accomplish a given task, the same functionality could typically be expressed in a higher level language like B in just a few lines. B was thereafter used for further development of the Unix system, which made the work much faster and more convenient.


When the PDP-11 computer arrived at Bell Labs, Dennis Ritchie built on B to create a new language called C which inherited Thompson's taste for concise syntax, and had a powerful mix of high-level functionality and the detailed features required to program an operating system. Most of the components of Unix were eventually rewritten in C, culminating with the kernel itself in 1973. Because of its convenience and power, C went on to become the most popular programming language in the world over the next quarter century.


This development of Unix in C had two important consequences:

• Portability. It made it much easier to port Unix to newly developed computers, because it eliminated the need to translate the entire operating system to the new assemble language by hand:
  
  • First, write a C-to-assembly language compiler for the new machine.
    
  • Then use the new compiler to automatically translate the Unix C language source code into the new machine's assembly language.
    
  • Finally, write only a small amount of new code where absolutely required by hardware differences with the new machine.

• Improvability. It made Unix easy to customize and improve by any programmer that could learn the high-level C programming language. Many did learn C, and went on to experiment with modifications to the operating system, producing many useful new extensions and enhancements.

An Exploration of Programming Languages

Today's computer programmer has many languages to choose from, but what's the difference between them? What are these languages used for? How can we categorize them in useful ways? 

These days, programming languages are becoming more and more general and all-purpose, but they still have their specializations, and each language has its disadvantages and advantages. 

Languages can generally be divided into a few basic types, though many languages support more than one programming style. This following list isn't all inclusive or as fine-grained as possible, but it brings out some of the basic design decisions behind languages.

Types of Programing Languages :

• Procedural :
  The programming style you're probably used to, procedural languages execute a sequence of statements that lead to a result. In essence, a procedural language expresses the procedure to be followed to solve a problem. Procedural languages typically use many variables and have heavy use of loops and other elements of "state", which distinguishes them from functional programming languages. Functions in procedural languages may modify variables or have other side effects (e.g., printing out information) other than the value that the function returns.
  
• Functional :
  Employing a programming style often contrasted with procedural programming, functional programs typically make little use of stored state, often eschewing loops in favor of recursive functions. The primary focus of functional programming is on the return values of functions, and side effects and other means storing state are strongly discouraged. For instance, in a pure functional language, if a function is called, it is expected that the function not modify any global variables or perform any output. It may, however, make recursive calls and change the parameters of those calls. Functional languages are often simpler syntactically and make it easier to work on abstract problems, but they can also be "further from the machine" in that their programming model makes it hard to understand exactly how the code is translated into machine language (which can be problematic for system programming).
  
• Object-oriented :
  Object-oriented programming views the world as a collection of objects that have internal data and external means of accessing parts of that data. The goal of object-oriented programming is to think about the problem by dividing it into a collection of objects that provide services that can be used to solve a particular problem. One of the main tenets of object oriented programming is encapsulation -- that everything an object will need should be inside the object. Object-oriented programming also emphasizes reusability through inheritance and the ability to extend current implementations without having to change a great deal of code by using polymorphism.
  
• Scripting :
  Scripting languages are often procedural and may contain elements of object-oriented languages, but they fall into their own category because they are typically not meant to be full-fledged programming languages with support for large system development. For instance, they may not have compile-time type checking or require variable declarations. Typically, scripting languages require little syntax to get started but make it very easy to make a mess.
  
• Logic :
  Logic programming languages allow programmers to make declarative statements (possibly in first-order logic: "grass implies green" for example) and then allow the computer to reason about the consequences of those statements. In a sense, logic programming is not telling the computer how to do something, but placing constraints on what it should consider doing.

To call these categories "language types" is really a bit misleading. It's possible to program in an object-oriented style in C, or a functional style in a scripting language. In truth, most modern languages incorporate features and ideas from multiple domains, which only serves to increase the richness and usefulness of these languages. Nevertheless, most languages do not excel at all styles of programming.

Some Popular Programming Languages

C++ is well-suited for large projects because it has an object-oriented structure. People can collaborate on one program by breaking it up into parts and having a small group or even one individual work on each part. The object-oriented structure also allows code to be reused a lot, which can cut down development time. C++ is also a fairly efficient language - although many C programmers will disagree. 

C is a popular language, especially in game programming, because it doesn't have the extra packaging of the object-oriented C++. Programmers use C because it makes programs slightly faster and smaller than programs written in C++. You might wonder, however, whether it's worth giving up the reusability of C++ to get the small increase in performance with C, especially when C++ can, where necessary, be written in a C programming style. 

Pascal is primarily a teaching language. Few industrial programs are written in Pascal. Pascal tends to use keywords instead of C-style braces and symbols, so it is a bit easier for beginners to understand than languages like C++. Still, not everyone thinks Pascal is just for the schools. Borland, the huge compiler software company, has been pushing Delphi as an industrial strength programming language. Delphi is an object-oriented version of Pascal, and currently, only Borland compilers use it. 

Fortran is a number-crunching program, and it is still used by scientists because the language allows variables of any size up to the memory limit of the machine. Fortran is especially convenient for engineers, who have to mathematically model and compute values to high precision. Fortran, however, isn't nearly as flexible as C or C++. Programming in Fortran is rigid, with strict rules on whitespace and formatting, which sometimes makes reading Fortran programs difficult. 

Java is a multi-platform language that is especially useful in networking. Of course, the most famous usage of Java is on the web, with Java applets, but Java is also used to build cross-platform programs that stand alone. Since it resembles C++ in syntax and structure, learning Java is usually quite easy for most C++ programmers. Java offers the advantages provided by object-oriented programming, such as reusability; on the other hand, it can be difficult to write highly efficient code in Java, and Swing, its primary user interface, is notoriously slow. Nevertheless, Java has increased in speed in recent years, and version 1.5 offers some new features for making programming easier. 

Perl was originally a file management language for Unix, but it has become well known for its use in CGI programming. CGI (Common Gateway Interface) is a term for programs that web servers can execute to allow web pages additional capabilities. Perl is great with regular expression pattern matching, which is a method for searching text. Perl can be used for databases and other useful server functions, and it is simple to pick up the basics if you have experience in any imperative language. Web hosting services prefer Perl over C++ as a CGI language because the web hosts can inspect Perl script files, since they're just text files, while C++ is compiled, so it can't be inspected for potentially dangerous code. Perl is, however, notorious for its "write once" style of code -- it's very easy to write Perl scripts taking advantage of lots of shortcuts that you later cannot understand. 

PHP is a common language for webpage design that is sometimes used as a scripting language in *nix. PHP is designed for rapid website development, and as a result contains features that make it easy to link to databases, generate HTTP headers, and so forth. As a scripting language, it contains a relatively simple set of basic components that allow the programmer to quickly get up to speed, though it does have more sophisticated object-oriented features. 

LISP is functional language used mostly in computer science research. LISP is unusual in that it stores (nearly) all data in lists, which are like arrays, but without index numbers. The syntax for lists is very simple, making it easy for programmers to implement complex structures. 

Scheme A well-known variant of LISP, Scheme has a slightly simpler syntax and not quite as many features. A common joke is that any large project undertaken in Scheme will result in the reimplementation of most of LISP. Nevertheless, Scheme is quite popular in academic circles and is the introductory language of MIT's computer science department (and is taught as part of Harvard's introductory sequence). Scheme's simplicity makes it a good way to get started solving problems instead of worrying about programming language syntax. 

Of course, there are still many, many languages not discussed, a few major ones being Prolog, Tcl, Python, COBOL, Smalltalk, and C#. Those are generally related or similar to the programming languages I have described above. The take home message is that different programming languages have their advantages and disadvantages, and picking the appropriate language for the task is often an important step in the process of developing an application or program. 

TOWER OF HANOI

#include <stdio.h>
 
void move(int n, int from, int to, int via)
{
  if (n > 0) {
    move(n - 1, from, via, to);
    printf("Move disk from pole %d to pole %d\n", from, to);
    move(n - 1, via, to, from);
  }
}
int main()
{
  move(4, 1,2,3);
  return 0;
}

HEAD/TAIL PROGRAM IN C LANGUAGE

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
   /* request auto detection */
   int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
   int midx, midy;
   int stangle = 0, endangle = 360;
   int xradius , yradius = 60;

   /* initialize graphics, local variables */
   initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "f:\\tc\\bgi");

   /* read result of initialization */
   errorcode = graphresult();
   if (errorcode != grOk)
   /* an error occurred */
   {
      printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
      printf("Press any key to halt:");
      getch();
      exit(1);
   /* terminate with an error code */
   }

   midx = getmaxx() / 2;
   midy = getmaxy() / 2;
   setcolor(getmaxcolor());

   int k=1;   //for head and tail//
   int b=0;   //for tail loop//


   settextstyle(2,0,0);
   /* draw ellipse */

   while(!kbhit())
   {


for(int a=60;a>=0;a=a-1)
{
cleardevice();

xradius=a;


if(a==0)
{

k=k+1;
for(b=a;b<=60;b++)
{
  cleardevice();
  xradius=b;


if(k%2==0)
{
outtextxy(midx-10,midy-90,"TAIL");
setfillstyle(4,1);
}

else
{
outtextxy(midx-10,midy-90,"HEAD");
setfillstyle(5,3);
}

if(b>0 && b<57)
{
int xradius1=b-3;
fillellipse(midx,midy,xradius1+1, yradius);

fillellipse(midx,midy,xradius1+2, yradius);

fillellipse(midx,midy,xradius1+3, yradius);
}

  outtextxy(10,5,"PROGRAM:TO SHOW THE ROTATION OF A COIN");

  fillellipse(midx,midy,xradius, yradius);
  delay(25);
}

}

   if(a<57 && a>0)
   {
int xradius1=a+3;
fillellipse(midx,midy,xradius1-1, yradius);

fillellipse(midx,midy,xradius1-2, yradius);

fillellipse(midx,midy,xradius1-3, yradius);
   }

if (k%2==0)
{
outtextxy(midx-10,midy-90,"TAIL");
setfillstyle(4,1);
}

else
{
outtextxy(midx-10,midy-90,"HEAD");
setfillstyle(5,3);
}

outtextxy(10,5,"PROGRAM:TO SHOW THE ROTATION OF A COIN");

fillellipse(midx,midy,xradius, yradius);

delay(25);

   }
   }

   /* clean up */

   getch();
   closegraph();
   return 0;
}

REGARD NABEEL